INT15527
From wiki-pain
|
|
|
|
|
Sentences Mentioned In
Key: | Protein | Mutation | Event | Anatomy | Negation | Speculation | Pain term | Disease term |
Free will and mental disorder: Exploring the relationship
A link between mental disorder and freedom is clearly present in the introduction of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Free will may be defined in many ways, but time after time, the central question is, does this specific concept of free will enable us to explain our moral intuitions? | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
As it turns out, philosophers of free will frequently refer to mental disorders as conditions that compromise free will and reduce moral responsibility. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
In addition, in forensic psychiatry, the rationale for the assessment of criminal responsibility is often explained by referring to the fact that mental disorders can compromise free will. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Yet, in both domains, it remains unclear in what way free will is compromised by mental disorders. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
And in fact, not only determinism but also indeterminism appears to be problematic for free will, for what room would be left for free will, if everything happened by chance? | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Less attention has been paid to identifying the precise reasons why (certain) mental disorders would diminish free will; a detailed analysis of what it is that mental disorders do that has such an effect on free will is lacking. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
As it turns out, philosophers of free will frequently refer to mental disorders as conditions that compromise free will and reduce moral responsibility. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
I examine two domains in which a connection between mental disorder and free will is present: the philosophy of free will and forensic psychiatry. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Diacylglycerol (DG), which is considered to be as a plausible candidate for the source of FFA, was also produced in the ischemic brain, and its acyl chain composition was similar to that of liberated FFAs. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Called VR1, this fatty acid receptor is present only on C fibers, and when activated produces desensitization or degeneration of the sensory afferent. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
The infusion of synthetic human beta-endorphin (4.5 ng/kg/min) produced the following: (1) in normal-weight subjects, no significant change of plasma glucose and pancreatic hormones (insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon), a significant plasma free fatty acids (FFA) increase, and a suppression of glycerol plasma levels; (2) in obese subjects, significant increases of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, a progressive decline of circulating FFA, and no change in glycerol plasma levels. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
For the c-peptide assay: 4.8% at 472 pmol/l to 3.7% at 2056 pmol/l and for the FFA assay: 10.6% at 112 ? | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
The impact of exercise on PDH regulation in skeletal muscle unrelated to the metabolic status of the cell and body may reflect that exercise can overcome potential inhibition of carbohydrate utilization present in resting skeletal muscle when circulating FFA levels are increased (2). | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Thus, although there was no effect of elevated FFA on PDHa activity at rest in the present study, maybe due to the overnight high-fat diet in both trials, elevated FFA levels have been shown to induce insulin resistance (31,32), and individuals with enhanced circulating FFA levels like type 2 diabetic subjects may experience FFA-mediated insulin resistance at rest (33), potentially in part because of FFA-induced downregulation of PDH (1). | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
However, in these studies, plasma FFA and muscle glycogen were manipulated simultaneously, making it impossible to discriminate between the role of muscle glycogen and FFA. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
In the present study, however, the carbohydrate-rich breakfast meal in one trial ensured lowered plasma FFA levels and normalized plasma insulin, leaving only muscle glycogen different. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Also based on findings in rat skeletal muscle, plasma FFA is also believed to reduce PDH activity through a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-? | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
Thus, taken together, the association between changes in muscle glycogen and PDK4 protein as well as between plasma FFA levels and PDK4 protein content supports that PDK4 expression may be regulated by each of these metabolic parameters. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
This breakfast was the only difference between the trials and aimed at obtaining similar insulin levels, whereas FFA levels were different in the two trials. | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
|
General Comments
This test has worked.