INT15531
From wiki-pain
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Sentences Mentioned In
Key: | Protein | Mutation | Event | Anatomy | Negation | Speculation | Pain term | Disease term |
Philosophers of free will seem to be primarily interested in describing responsibility and freedom in subjects whose free will and responsibility are not affected. | |||||||||||||||
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Less attention has been paid to identifying the precise reasons why (certain) mental disorders would diminish free will; a detailed analysis of what it is that mental disorders do that has such an effect on free will is lacking. | |||||||||||||||
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The infusion of synthetic human beta-endorphin (4.5 ng/kg/min) produced the following: (1) in normal-weight subjects, no significant change of plasma glucose and pancreatic hormones (insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon), a significant plasma free fatty acids (FFA) increase, and a suppression of glycerol plasma levels; (2) in obese subjects, significant increases of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, a progressive decline of circulating FFA, and no change in glycerol plasma levels. | |||||||||||||||
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In conclusion, muscle glycogen and plasma FFAs modify exercise-induced PDH regulation in human skeletal muscle in a nonadditive manner, which might be through glycogen and FFA-mediated regulation of PDK4 expression. | |||||||||||||||
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Factors responsible for this regulation have been suggested to include changes in plasma FFA concentration (1,12,14), muscle glycogen content (1517), plasma insulin levels (14,1820), and intracellular Ca2+ concentration (21,22). | |||||||||||||||
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In the normal rats, plasma glucose levels were significantly increased but neither ketone bodies nor FFA were affected by CNS stimulation with neostigmine. | |||||||||||||||
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The changes in glucagon, B-endorphin, FFA, and hepatic glucose production were similar during both epinephrine infusions, but there was a diminished insulin response, a greater decrease in glucose metabolic clearance, and a greater increase in plasma glucose with the second epinephrine infusion. | |||||||||||||||
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Many anesthetics differently affect plasma glucose and insulin levels, with minor effects on plasma FFA. | |||||||||||||||
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B-endorphin diminished the insulin and glucagon responses during the first epinephrine infusion and abolished them during the second, but did not alter the FFA, ACTH, or cortisol responses to epinephrine. | |||||||||||||||
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In addition, these toxic metabolic products are thought to cause the complications of MS, IR, PD, and T2DM by creating cellular dysfunction and, in time, promoting programmed cellular death (lipoapoptosis). [74,75] In the normal state, FFA delivery to non-adipose tissue is closely regulated to its need for fuel. | |||||||||||||||
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