INT15531

Context Info Confidence 0.48 First Reported 1985 Last Reported 2010 Negated 3 Speculated 0 Reported most in Body Documents 9 Total Number 10 Disease Relevance 4.25 Pain Relevance 0.89

small molecule metabolic process (FFAR1) plasma membrane (FFAR1) signal transducer activity (FFAR1)

Anatomy Link Frequency plasma 4 skeletal muscle 1 adipose tissue 1 CNS 1 FFAR1 (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Central nervous system 5 99.84 anesthesia 6 95.88 agonist 2 87.84 Somatostatin 1 82.96 opiate 2 81.28 addiction 10 80.36 narcan 3 77.28 Opioid 2 74.32 alcohol 1 62.48 Inflammation 27 60.88

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Obesity 11 100.00 Mental Disorders 228 99.58 Death 4 99.06 Diabetes Mellitus 144 97.40 Prediabetic State 36 97.20 Insulin Resistance 58 97.12 Metabolic Syndrome 49 97.04 Hyperglycemia 19 83.76 Stress 72 83.32 Atherosclerosis 29 76.20

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Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

Philosophers of free will seem to be primarily interested in describing responsibility and freedom in subjects whose free will and responsibility are not affected.

Neg (not) Regulation (affected) of free will

1) Confidence 0.48 Published 2010 Journal Theor Med Bioeth Section Body Doc Link PMC2975916 Disease Relevance 0.92 Pain Relevance 0.04

Less attention has been paid to identifying the precise reasons why (certain) mental disorders would diminish free will; a detailed analysis of what it is that mental disorders do that has such an effect on free will is lacking.

Regulation (effect) of free will associated with mental disorders

2) Confidence 0.21 Published 2010 Journal Theor Med Bioeth Section Body Doc Link PMC2975916 Disease Relevance 0.88 Pain Relevance 0.04

The infusion of synthetic human beta-endorphin (4.5 ng/kg/min) produced the following: (1) in normal-weight subjects, no significant change of plasma glucose and pancreatic hormones (insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon), a significant plasma free fatty acids (FFA) increase, and a suppression of glycerol plasma levels; (2) in obese subjects, significant increases of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon, a progressive decline of circulating FFA, and no change in glycerol plasma levels.

Regulation (change) of FFA in plasma associated with obesity

3) Confidence 0.05 Published 1992 Journal Metab. Clin. Exp. Section Abstract Doc Link 1736041 Disease Relevance 0.35 Pain Relevance 0.13

In conclusion, muscle glycogen and plasma FFAs modify exercise-induced PDH regulation in human skeletal muscle in a nonadditive manner, which might be through glycogen and FFA-mediated regulation of PDK4 expression.

Regulation (regulation) of FFA-mediated in skeletal muscle

4) Confidence 0.05 Published 2010 Journal Diabetes Section Body Doc Link PMC2797931 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

Factors responsible for this regulation have been suggested to include changes in plasma FFA concentration (1,12,14), muscle glycogen content (15–17), plasma insulin levels (14,18–20), and intracellular Ca2+ concentration (21,22).

Regulation (changes) of FFA in plasma

5) Confidence 0.03 Published 2010 Journal Diabetes Section Body Doc Link PMC2797931 Disease Relevance 0.06 Pain Relevance 0

In the normal rats, plasma glucose levels were significantly increased but neither ketone bodies nor FFA were affected by CNS stimulation with neostigmine.

Neg (neither) Regulation (affected) of FFA in CNS associated with central nervous system

6) Confidence 0.01 Published 1991 Journal Life Sci. Section Abstract Doc Link 1895876 Disease Relevance 0.32 Pain Relevance 0.34

The changes in glucagon, B-endorphin, FFA, and hepatic glucose production were similar during both epinephrine infusions, but there was a diminished insulin response, a greater decrease in glucose metabolic clearance, and a greater increase in plasma glucose with the second epinephrine infusion.

Regulation (changes) of FFA in plasma

7) Confidence 0.01 Published 1985 Journal Diabetes Section Abstract Doc Link 2998913 Disease Relevance 0.16 Pain Relevance 0.08

Many anesthetics differently affect plasma glucose and insulin levels, with minor effects on plasma FFA.

Regulation (effects) of FFA in plasma

8) Confidence 0.01 Published 2008 Journal Cardiovasc Drugs Ther Section Body Doc Link PMC2329728 Disease Relevance 0.20 Pain Relevance 0.20

B-endorphin diminished the insulin and glucagon responses during the first epinephrine infusion and abolished them during the second, but did not alter the FFA, ACTH, or cortisol responses to epinephrine.

Neg (not) Regulation (responses) of FFA

9) Confidence 0.00 Published 1985 Journal Diabetes Section Abstract Doc Link 2998913 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

In addition, these toxic metabolic products are thought to cause the complications of MS, IR, PD, and T2DM by creating cellular dysfunction and, in time, promoting programmed cellular death (lipoapoptosis). [74,75] In the normal state, FFA delivery to non-adipose tissue is closely regulated to its need for fuel.

Regulation (regulated) of FFA in adipose tissue associated with diabetes mellitus, obesity, prediabetic state, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and death

10) Confidence 0.00 Published 2002 Journal Cardiovasc Diabetol Section Body Doc Link PMC140143 Disease Relevance 1.34 Pain Relevance 0.06

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