INT197459

Context Info Confidence 0.01 First Reported 2006 Last Reported 2008 Negated 2 Speculated 0 Reported most in Body Documents 10 Total Number 13 Disease Relevance 1.04 Pain Relevance 4.11

extracellular space (Sostdc1) extracellular region (Sostdc1)

Anatomy Link Frequency spinal 1 siphon 1 Section 2 1 Sostdc1 (Rattus norvegicus)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Nicotine 574 100.00 nMDA receptor 156 98.42 nMDA receptor antagonist 72 97.42 withdrawal 223 96.74 Opioid 16 94.54 Glutamate 100 90.90 addiction 307 82.08 Nucleus accumbens 57 79.96 Dopamine 126 78.64 depression 90 78.12

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Calculi 54 88.84 Depression 90 78.12 Recurrence 43 76.92 Urological Neuroanatomy 18 71.68 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 31 70.56 Pain 189 57.80 Neuropathic Pain 45 57.16 Hyperalgesia 72 56.60 Drug Dependence 98 50.00 Nociception 90 32.32

Sentences Mentioned In

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Protein

Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

Although Shoaib et al. interpret this effect as indicating that dizocilpine has blocked the development of locomotor sensitization to nicotine,65,88 more recent evidence indicates that similar effects of co-administration of dizocilpine on the subsequent expression of locomotor sensitization to other drugs may be due to state-dependency.89-91 In other words, animals repeatedly injected with a combination of dizocilpine/nicotine may become sensitized to the combination (and to nicotine), but subsequently fail to express sensitization to nicotine alone, as nicotine does not sufficiently reproduce the sensitized dizocilpine/nicotine state.

Neg (fail) Gene_expression (express) of sensitization associated with nicotine

1) Confidence 0.01 Published 2008 Journal Yonsei Medical Journal Section Body Doc Link PMC2615322 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.84

Recent evidence suggests that NMDA-mediated neurotransmission is involved in the development of behavioral sensitization of psychostimulants, opioids, and nicotine.84,85 As reviewed by Wolf,86 several investigators have found that co-administration of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists such as dizocilpine (MK-801), during repeated injections of these addictive drugs interferes with the development or subsequent expression of locomotor sensitization.

Gene_expression (expression) of sensitization associated with nmda receptor antagonist, nicotine and opioid

2) Confidence 0.01 Published 2008 Journal Yonsei Medical Journal Section Body Doc Link PMC2615322 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.80

To resolve this controversy, Kelsey et al. attempted to determine if the effects of the glutamate NMDA receptor blocker dizocilpine (MK801) on nicotine locomotor sensitization are due to a blockade of the development of sensitization or to state-dependency.92 They concluded that co-administration of a low dose of dizocilpine can block the development of locomotor sensitization to repeated injections of nicotine without producing state-dependency, and thus NMDA receptor activation appears to be critical for the development, but not the subsequent expression, of nicotine locomotor sensitization.

Neg (not) Gene_expression (expression) of sensitization associated with glutamate, nicotine and nmda receptor

3) Confidence 0.01 Published 2008 Journal Yonsei Medical Journal Section Body Doc Link PMC2615322 Disease Relevance 0.07 Pain Relevance 0.77

Although Shoaib et al. interpret this effect as indicating that dizocilpine has blocked the development of locomotor sensitization to nicotine,65,88 more recent evidence indicates that similar effects of co-administration of dizocilpine on the subsequent expression of locomotor sensitization to other drugs may be due to state-dependency.89-91 In other words, animals repeatedly injected with a combination of dizocilpine/nicotine may become sensitized to the combination (and to nicotine), but subsequently fail to express sensitization to nicotine alone, as nicotine does not sufficiently reproduce the sensitized dizocilpine/nicotine state.

Gene_expression (expression) of sensitization associated with nicotine

4) Confidence 0.01 Published 2008 Journal Yonsei Medical Journal Section Body Doc Link PMC2615322 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.91

Rather than mediated by an extrinsic state system as originally proposed, sensitization induced by a repetitive primary stimulus could be expressed in the primary pathway(s) as with habituation, thus evidencing primary sensitization.

Gene_expression (expressed) of sensitization

5) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0.33 Pain Relevance 0.33

Under this nomenclature, we define primary and secondary sensitization as sensitization expressed in the primary or secondary pathway, respectively, regardless of any extrinsic influences on the corresponding induction process (Fig. 1A).

Gene_expression (expressed) of sensitization

6) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.03

The simplest example is a primary integrator-differentiator pair in the form of a sensitization-habituation complex produced by repetitive application of a primary stimulus, as demonstrated in the classic hindlimb flexion reflex of the spinal cat or the rat acoustic startle reflex shown in the dual-process theory [9-11].

Gene_expression (produced) of sensitization in spinal

7) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0.14 Pain Relevance 0

Under this nomenclature, we define primary and secondary sensitization as sensitization expressed in the primary or secondary pathway, respectively, regardless of any extrinsic influences on the corresponding induction process (Fig. 1A).

Gene_expression (expressed) of sensitization

8) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.03

The notion of primary and secondary sensitization introduced in Section 2 underscores a novel behavioral paradigm we call nonassociative gating.

Gene_expression (introduced) of sensitization in Section 2

9) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0.08 Pain Relevance 0.03

Such learning-dependent gating has been suggested to account for the bilateral expression of dishabituation vis-à-vis ipsilateral expression of sensitization in this experimental preparation [69,71].

Gene_expression (expression) of sensitization

10) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0.22 Pain Relevance 0.12

In a recent model of tail-elicited siphon withdrawal in Aplysia [69,71], however, dishabituation is expressed in reflex pathways both ipsilateral or contralateral to the primary stimulus even though habituation and sensitization are expressed only in the pathway ipsilateral to the primary stimulus.

Gene_expression (expressed) of sensitization in siphon associated with withdrawal

11) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.05

As pointed out by Prescott [31], it is important to distinguish the induction and expression phases of sensitization.

Gene_expression (expression) of sensitization

12) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.08

Such learning-dependent gating has been suggested to account for the bilateral expression of dishabituation vis-à-vis ipsilateral expression of sensitization in this experimental preparation [69,71].

Gene_expression (expression) of sensitization

13) Confidence 0.01 Published 2006 Journal Behav Brain Funct Section Body Doc Link PMC1578596 Disease Relevance 0.21 Pain Relevance 0.11

General Comments

This test has worked.