INT2055

Context Info Confidence 0.62 First Reported 1976 Last Reported 2010 Negated 26 Speculated 19 Reported most in Abstract Documents 185 Total Number 205 Disease Relevance 23.65 Pain Relevance 71.26

extracellular space (Gnrh1) extracellular region (Gnrh1) molecular_function (Gnrh1)

Anatomy Link Frequency neurons 20 plasma 14 pituitary 12 follicle 9 neuronal 9 Gnrh1 (Rattus norvegicus)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat narcan 363 100.00 antagonist 217 100.00 Morphine 193 100.00 agonist 132 100.00 Opioid 131 100.00 opiate 113 100.00 Dopamine 96 100.00 Endogenous opioid 76 100.00 Enkephalin 58 100.00 Neuropeptide 40 100.00

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Urological Neuroanatomy 146 100.00 Galactorrhea 22 100.00 Stress 197 99.98 Pain 11 99.96 Enteropathy 2 99.88 Lordosis 28 99.84 Vomiting 38 99.72 Pathologic Constriction 2 99.48 Prostate Cancer 12 99.40 Starvation 38 99.32

Sentences Mentioned In

Key:

Protein

Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

These results support the hypothesis that LHRH neurons are regulated indirectly by opiatergic neurons.

Regulation (regulated) of LHRH in neurons

1) Confidence 0.62 Published 1997 Journal Endocrinology Section Abstract Doc Link 9075729 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.28

There was no change in hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) mRNA, pro-LHRH, or LHRH in any group at either age.

Neg (no) Regulation (change) of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone

2) Confidence 0.62 Published 1999 Journal Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 10029204 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.16

Injection of normal saline had no effect on GnRH concentration in pituitary portal blood in INT rats.

Neg (no) Regulation (effect) of GnRH in pituitary

3) Confidence 0.62 Published 1998 Journal Neuroendocrinology Section Abstract Doc Link 9588691 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.51

For each, we have attempted to determine how and where the regulatory input is manifest and, according to our working premise, we have attempted to identify factors which specifically regulate the LHRH pulse generator.

Regulation (regulate) of LHRH pulse generator

4) Confidence 0.62 Published 1991 Journal Recent Prog. Horm. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 1745827 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.07

The endogenous opioid peptides, for example, primarily regulate LHRH pulse amplitude (Karahalios and Levine, 1988), a finding that is consistent with the idea that these peptides exert direct postsynaptic or presynaptic inhibition (Drouva et al., 1981).

Regulation (regulate) of LHRH associated with endogenous opioid

5) Confidence 0.62 Published 1991 Journal Recent Prog. Horm. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 1745827 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.10

We have analyzed the mechanisms by which several known regulators of the LHRH release process may exert their effects.

Regulation (regulators) of LHRH

6) Confidence 0.62 Published 1991 Journal Recent Prog. Horm. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 1745827 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.05

The LHRH neurosecretory system thus appears to be regulated at many levels, and by a variety of neural and endocrine factors.

Regulation (regulated) of LHRH in neural

7) Confidence 0.62 Published 1991 Journal Recent Prog. Horm. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 1745827 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.07

Specific lesions of different brain structures known to contain or to be coursed by LHRH neurons have been carried out in intact cycling female rats in order to investigate the role played by central LHRH and neuronal systems in the regulation of ovarian and hypophyseal LHRH receptor (LHRH-R) levels, using the stable LHRH analog [D-Ser (TBU)6] Des-Gly10, LHRH ethylamide, buserelin.

Regulation (regulation) of LHRH receptor in neurons

8) Confidence 0.62 Published 1985 Journal Neuroendocrinology Section Abstract Doc Link 2995860 Disease Relevance 0.10 Pain Relevance 0.08

Specific lesions of different brain structures known to contain or to be coursed by LHRH neurons have been carried out in intact cycling female rats in order to investigate the role played by central LHRH and neuronal systems in the regulation of ovarian and hypophyseal LHRH receptor (LHRH-R) levels, using the stable LHRH analog [D-Ser (TBU)6] Des-Gly10, LHRH ethylamide, buserelin.

Regulation (regulation) of LHRH-R in neurons

9) Confidence 0.62 Published 1985 Journal Neuroendocrinology Section Abstract Doc Link 2995860 Disease Relevance 0.10 Pain Relevance 0.08

Finally, serotonergic, dopaminergic, opioid, and noradrenergic regulation of GnRH varies with increasing age, and the sexual organization of the hypothalamus by testosterone or estrogens is a determinant in such regulation.

Regulation (regulation) of GnRH in hypothalamus associated with opioid

10) Confidence 0.62 Published 1997 Journal Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. Section Abstract Doc Link 9442354 Disease Relevance 0.09 Pain Relevance 0.10

Exogenous and endogenous opioid-induced enhancements of naloxone's effects on serum luteinizing hormone levels in the male rat.

Regulation (effects) of serum luteinizing hormone associated with narcan and endogenous opioid

11) Confidence 0.62 Published 1984 Journal Eur. J. Pharmacol. Section Title Doc Link 6096156 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 1.03

Short-term starvation decreases POMC mRNA but does not alter GnRH mRNA in the brain of adult male rats.

Neg (not) Regulation (alter) of GnRH in brain associated with starvation

12) Confidence 0.61 Published 1992 Journal Neuroendocrinology Section Title Doc Link 1369602 Disease Relevance 0.37 Pain Relevance 0.06

GnRH neurone recruitment and activity is regulated by a balance between stimulation, suppression and permissiveness controlled by noradrenaline, neuropeptide Y and serotonin from the brain stem, impact from glutamate in the medial preoptic area and neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus, in opposition to the restraining influences of gamma-aminobenzoic acid within the medial preoptic area and opioids from the arcuate nucleus.

Regulation (regulated) of GnRH in brain stem associated with glutamate, neuropeptide, noradrenaline, urological neuroanatomy, opioid and serotonin

13) Confidence 0.61 Published 2003 Journal Reproduction Section Abstract Doc Link 12578529 Disease Relevance 0.48 Pain Relevance 0.44

NMDA rapidly induces LH release but whether this drug directly affects the activity of LHRH neurons is not known.

Regulation (affects) of LHRH in neurons

14) Confidence 0.61 Published 1992 Journal Ciba Found. Symp. Section Abstract Doc Link 1425026 Disease Relevance 0.09 Pain Relevance 0.96

These observations showed that galaninergic neurons but not GnRH neurons of the preoptic area might be directly regulated by endogenous opioid peptides.

Regulation (regulated) of GnRH in neurons associated with endogenous opioid

15) Confidence 0.61 Published 1997 Journal Neuroreport Section Abstract Doc Link 9331935 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.17

Opioids play an important role in the regulation of lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH).

Regulation (regulation) of LHRH associated with opioid

16) Confidence 0.61 Published 2003 Journal Neuropeptides Section Abstract Doc Link 14607103 Disease Relevance 0.09 Pain Relevance 0.54

Opioids play an important role in the regulation of lutenizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH).

Regulation (regulation) of lutenizing hormone releasing hormone associated with opioid

17) Confidence 0.61 Published 2003 Journal Neuropeptides Section Abstract Doc Link 14607103 Disease Relevance 0.09 Pain Relevance 0.54

Because Fos is thought to be induced in neurons that are activated, we examined whether luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons expressed Fos protein when they were stimulated by an opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NAL), expecting to identify LHRH neurons which are regulated by opioid neurons directly or indirectly.

Regulation (regulated) of LHRH in neurons associated with antagonist, narcan, opioid receptor and opioid

18) Confidence 0.60 Published 1997 Journal J. Neuroendocrinol. Section Abstract Doc Link 9041360 Disease Relevance 0.07 Pain Relevance 0.42

These results show that LPS has a suprapituitary site(s) of action to suppress the activity of GnRH neurones in female rats, and suggest that LPS affects the opioid, as well as the excitatory amino acidergic regulation of GnRH neurones.

Regulation (regulation) of GnRH associated with opioid

19) Confidence 0.60 Published 2003 Journal J. Neuroendocrinol. Section Abstract Doc Link 12716406 Disease Relevance 0.15 Pain Relevance 0.33

In order to investigate the role of opiates in the regulation of GnRH gene expression in the rat brain, we studied the effects of chronic administration of the opioid drug morphine and an opiate receptor antagonist naloxone on GnRH mRNA levels as measured by in situ hybridization.

Regulation (effects) of GnRH in brain associated with antagonist, narcan, opiate, opioid and morphine

20) Confidence 0.59 Published 1993 Journal Neuroreport Section Abstract Doc Link 8477057 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 1.13

General Comments

This test has worked.