INT217654

Context Info Confidence 0.60 First Reported 2004 Last Reported 2009 Negated 0 Speculated 0 Reported most in Body Documents 11 Total Number 16 Disease Relevance 4.41 Pain Relevance 0

extracellular space (MSTN) growth (MSTN) extracellular region (MSTN) cytoplasm (MSTN)

Anatomy Link Frequency muscle 7 vastus lateralis 2 nucleus 1 body 1 MSTN (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat imagery 136 5.00 Inflammation 80 5.00 positron emission tomography 36 5.00 cytokine 22 5.00 Spinal cord 18 5.00 Action potential 12 5.00 depression 11 5.00 Neurotransmitter 10 5.00 adenocard 9 5.00 Pain 9 5.00

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Frailty 227 99.54 Diabetes Mellitus 214 99.52 Insulin Resistance 54 99.12 Disease 33 96.84 Obesity 66 94.08 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Or Hiv Infection 35 93.88 Appetite Loss 21 86.80 Hypoglycemia 6 81.16 Body Weight 40 72.08 Aging 119 64.20

Sentences Mentioned In

Key:

Protein

Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

Furthermore, several potentially important genes regarding the underlying causes of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (for example KIF1B and GDF8) have been identified and shown to have different gene expression levels in healthy first degree relatives compared to controls.

Gene_expression (expression) of GDF8 associated with diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance

1) Confidence 0.60 Published 2009 Journal PLoS ONE Section Body Doc Link PMC2719801 Disease Relevance 0.88 Pain Relevance 0

On the individual gene level, 11 genes showed altered expression levels in first degree relatives compared to controls, among others KIF1B and GDF8 (myostatin).

Gene_expression (expression) of GDF8

2) Confidence 0.60 Published 2009 Journal PLoS ONE Section Abstract Doc Link PMC2719801 Disease Relevance 0.68 Pain Relevance 0

With respect to studies in human models of muscle wasting, there is similar variance in findings, with one cross-sectional study reporting no change in myostatin expression in the vastus lateralis muscle between young and older men [56], while a similar study in women found a 56% increase in myostatin expression in the vastus lateralis [57].

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in vastus lateralis associated with frailty

3) Confidence 0.39 Published 2009 Journal Osteoporos Int Section Body Doc Link PMC2832869 Disease Relevance 0.26 Pain Relevance 0

With respect to studies in human models of muscle wasting, there is similar variance in findings, with one cross-sectional study reporting no change in myostatin expression in the vastus lateralis muscle between young and older men [56], while a similar study in women found a 56% increase in myostatin expression in the vastus lateralis [57].

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in vastus lateralis associated with frailty

4) Confidence 0.39 Published 2009 Journal Osteoporos Int Section Body Doc Link PMC2832869 Disease Relevance 0.27 Pain Relevance 0

Thus, while myostatin is an important target in combating muscle wasting, the role of age-related changes in myostatin expression is still a controversial subject.

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in muscle associated with frailty

5) Confidence 0.39 Published 2009 Journal Osteoporos Int Section Body Doc Link PMC2832869 Disease Relevance 0.26 Pain Relevance 0

While there is considerable work which has demonstrated that myostatin suppression may have therapeutic potential for combating muscle wasting, the effect of age on myostatin expression is still under active investigation.

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in muscle associated with frailty

6) Confidence 0.39 Published 2009 Journal Osteoporos Int Section Body Doc Link PMC2832869 Disease Relevance 0.23 Pain Relevance 0

While there is considerable work which has demonstrated that myostatin suppression may have therapeutic potential for combating muscle wasting, the effect of age on myostatin expression is still under active investigation.

Gene_expression (suppression) of myostatin in muscle associated with frailty

7) Confidence 0.34 Published 2009 Journal Osteoporos Int Section Body Doc Link PMC2832869 Disease Relevance 0.17 Pain Relevance 0

In animal studies, myostatin blockade using experimental agents and other approaches appears to produce increases in muscle mass and strength in rodent models [103–105].

Gene_expression (blockade) of myostatin in muscle

8) Confidence 0.34 Published 2009 Journal Osteoporos Int Section Body Doc Link PMC2832869 Disease Relevance 0.32 Pain Relevance 0

An intriguing new finding was the marked (and so far as we can tell previously unreported) changes in the expression of myostatin and myoD with feeding, which are consistent with an acute nutritional control at the level of the nucleus of processes regulating muscle mass [55].

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in nucleus

9) Confidence 0.30 Published 2008 Journal PLoS ONE Section Body Doc Link PMC2267222 Disease Relevance 0.06 Pain Relevance 0

The following primers were used for myostatin and myoD (all 5?

Gene_expression (used) of myostatin

10) Confidence 0.26 Published 2008 Journal PLoS ONE Section Body Doc Link PMC2267222 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

Recent research has indicated that eliminating and/or inhibiting myostatin gene expression in mice [119] and cattle [120-122] promotes marked increases in muscle mass during early growth and development.

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in muscle

11) Confidence 0.25 Published 2004 Journal J Int Soc Sports Nutr Section Body Doc Link PMC2129137 Disease Relevance 0.11 Pain Relevance 0

There is also evidence that myostatin gene expression may be fiber specific and that myostatin levels may be influenced by immobilization in animals [124].

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin

12) Confidence 0.25 Published 2004 Journal J Int Soc Sports Nutr Section Body Doc Link PMC2129137 Disease Relevance 0.35 Pain Relevance 0

In humans, inhibiting myostatin gene expression has been theorized as a way to prevent or slow down muscle wasting in various diseases, speed up recovery of injured muscles, and/or promote increases in muscle mass and strength in athletes [123].

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in muscles associated with frailty and disease

13) Confidence 0.25 Published 2004 Journal J Int Soc Sports Nutr Section Body Doc Link PMC2129137 Disease Relevance 0.32 Pain Relevance 0

Nevertheless, there was no apparent sex difference in these responses, which makes it unlikely that the feeding-induced changes in myostatin and myoD expression contributed to the blunted increase of MPS to feeding in women.

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin

14) Confidence 0.23 Published 2008 Journal PLoS ONE Section Body Doc Link PMC2267222 Disease Relevance 0.11 Pain Relevance 0

Furthermore, the expression in muscle of mRNA for myostatin and myoD, cell regulatory proteins affecting muscle size [26]–[29], was not different between the sexes, which makes it unlikely that they are involved in regulating the basal rate of MPS, although, we cannot from our data rule out differences in the muscle myostatin and myoD protein concentration (and thus in cell function).

Gene_expression (expression) of myostatin in muscle

15) Confidence 0.23 Published 2008 Journal PLoS ONE Section Body Doc Link PMC2267222 Disease Relevance 0.17 Pain Relevance 0

However, Willoughby [44] reported that 1,200 milligrams/day of Cystoseira canariensis supplementation during 12 weeks of resistance training had no effect on serum myostatin levels, not did it have any effect on muscle mass, muscle strength, or body fat.

Gene_expression (levels) of myostatin in body

16) Confidence 0.05 Published 2006 Journal J Int Soc Sports Nutr Section Body Doc Link PMC2129138 Disease Relevance 0.22 Pain Relevance 0

General Comments

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