INT227973

Context Info Confidence 0.10 First Reported 2008 Last Reported 2010 Negated 3 Speculated 1 Reported most in Body Documents 9 Total Number 10 Disease Relevance 4.21 Pain Relevance 0

Anatomy Link Frequency blood 1 bands 1 Gm2404 (Mus musculus)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Pain 10 5.00 imagery 10 5.00

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Buruli Ulcer 363 96.12 Lyme Disease 54 90.16 Bites And Stings 45 90.04 Laboratory Infection 9 86.32 Disease 136 84.92 Ulcers 11 84.00 Infection 117 80.20 Sprains And Strains 90 67.28 Francisella Infection 13 62.12 Death 1 59.92

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Key:

Protein

Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

A major breakthrough in environmental studies occurred with the development of the first PCR probes for M. ulcerans based on detection of IS2404 by Ross et al. [63].

Gene_expression (detection) of IS2404

1) Confidence 0.10 Published 2010 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC3001905 Disease Relevance 0.45 Pain Relevance 0

Early work showed that IS2404 was present in M. ulcerans, but absent in the closely related mycobacterial species M. marinum, and over 40 other mycobacterial species suggesting that the insertion sequence was specific for M. ulcerans [11].

Neg (absent) Gene_expression (absent) of IS2404

2) Confidence 0.05 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0.98 Pain Relevance 0

In 1999, Portaels et al reported detection of IS2404 positive PCR from two groups of predaceous aquatic insects, Naucoridae and Belostomatidae [15].

Gene_expression (detection) of IS2404

3) Confidence 0.05 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0.49 Pain Relevance 0

Early work showed that IS2404 was present in M. ulcerans, but absent in the closely related mycobacterial species M. marinum, and over 40 other mycobacterial species suggesting that the insertion sequence was specific for M. ulcerans [11].

Neg (absent) Gene_expression (present) of IS2404

4) Confidence 0.05 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0.98 Pain Relevance 0

Preliminary evidence for M. ulcerans in environmental samples was obtained from PCR detection of the insertion sequence IS2404 [10] along with PCR detection of the enoyl reductase (ER) domain of the mycolactone toxin [26].

Gene_expression (detection) of IS2404

5) Confidence 0.04 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0.06 Pain Relevance 0

In this study 319 invertebrate and vertebrate samples were analyzed using IS2404 PCR and the PCR products were sequenced.

Spec (analyzed) Gene_expression (using) of IS2404

6) Confidence 0.03 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

In 2004, Marsollier et al obtained IS2404 positive PCR results from 5/80 Naucoridae collected in Cote d'Ivoire and, more importantly, successfully cultured an IS2404 positive mycobacteria from two of these.

Gene_expression (positive) of IS2404

7) Confidence 0.03 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0.31 Pain Relevance 0

None of the IS2404 PCR-positive insects identified in West Africa are blood feeders, making it unlikely that they could play a major role in transmission.

Neg (None) Gene_expression (None) of IS2404 in blood

8) Confidence 0.03 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0.26 Pain Relevance 0

Experimental results confirm this theory since others have found no difference between the use of IS2404 PCR and that of 16sRNA PCR for detection of M. ulcerans in human samples despite the enormous difference in copy number [34] and results from VNTR analysis of clinical isolates show gel bands with an intensity never reported for IS2404 PCR [23] .

Gene_expression (use) of IS2404 in bands

9) Confidence 0.03 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

In Australia, IS2404 has been detected in water as well as from detritus collected from water bodies and, most recently, from trapped mosquitoes [12],[13],[14].

Gene_expression (detected) of IS2404

10) Confidence 0.03 Published 2008 Journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Section Body Doc Link PMC2268743 Disease Relevance 0.67 Pain Relevance 0

General Comments

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