Cardiac catheterization is used for evaluation of left ventricular function, obtaining EMB and performing coronary angiography.8,9,13,22,27,38 It reveals elevated cardiac filling pressures and decreased CO and PAH,7,13,14,20,22,24,38,45,46 but its indications are limited to severe heart failure, abrupt deterioration of symptoms and associated ischemic heart disease (IHD).65 Coronary angiography should always be considered in patients with positive clinical and ECG features of IHD, acute coronary syndrome, hyperlipidemia, history of smoking and diabetes mellitus.13,22,45,73,74
Other less frequently used investigations
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