INT31393

Context Info Confidence 0.66 First Reported 1987 Last Reported 2009 Negated 2 Speculated 5 Reported most in Body Documents 10 Total Number 22 Disease Relevance 7.32 Pain Relevance 21.23

plasma membrane (Oprd1) cytoplasm (Oprd1) signal transducer activity (Oprd1)

Anatomy Link Frequency neutrophils 7 monocytes 5 Ventral 4 joints 2 brain 2 Oprd1 (Rattus norvegicus)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Opioid 907 100.00 opioid receptor 131 100.00 Morphine 33 100.00 Endogenous opioid 31 100.00 antinociception 31 99.92 Cannabinoid 4 99.82 narcan 114 99.76 chemokine 65 99.54 IPN 247 99.20 antagonist 204 98.72

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Arthritis 39 99.84 Urological Neuroanatomy 3 99.68 Inflammatory Pain 247 99.20 INFLAMMATION 494 98.40 Infection 13 97.40 Pain 377 96.04 Injury 26 94.24 Nociception 312 83.76 Hyperalgesia 78 83.56 Post Operative Pain 26 83.40

Sentences Mentioned In

Key:

Protein

Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

However, recent studies suggest that short term morphine pretreatment can increase delta opioid receptor-mediated antinociception by promoting the translocation of delta opioid receptor to the cell surface.

Positive_regulation (promoting) of Localization (translocation) of delta opioid receptor associated with antinociception, opioid receptor and morphine

1) Confidence 0.66 Published 2006 Journal Neuroscience Section Abstract Doc Link 16716526 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 1.40

Dopamine antagonists increased opioid action, an action that may depend more on the increased release of endogenous opioids than on supersensitivity of the opioid receptor.

Positive_regulation (increased) of Localization (release) of opioid receptor associated with dopamine, antagonist, endogenous opioid, opioid receptor and opioid

2) Confidence 0.47 Published 2003 Journal Auton Autacoid Pharmacol Section Abstract Doc Link 14565539 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.83

Juvenile isolation increased general activity during the social interaction test, an effect which was accompanied by a reduction of opioid receptor occupancy in many brain areas, suggesting an increased opioid peptide release as a consequence of socially-induced general activity.

Positive_regulation (increased) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in brain associated with opioid receptor and opioid

3) Confidence 0.41 Published 1999 Journal Brain Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 10350555 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 1.10

Morphine treatment in isolated rats caused an increase in adult social activity and enhanced opioid peptide release in some cortical regions and the ventral tegmental area as compared to saline treated rats.

Positive_regulation (enhanced) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in ventral associated with ventral tegmentum, opioid and morphine

4) Confidence 0.41 Published 1999 Journal Brain Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 10350555 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 1.25

Potassium ions also caused an increase, followed by a decrease, in opioid peptide release, and naloxone also prevented the latter from occurring.

Positive_regulation (increase) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide associated with narcan and opioid

5) Confidence 0.27 Published 1987 Journal Neuroscience Section Abstract Doc Link 2891081 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.75

Potassium ions also caused an increase, followed by a decrease, in opioid peptide release, and naloxone also prevented the latter from occurring.

Positive_regulation (caused) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide associated with narcan and opioid

6) Confidence 0.27 Published 1987 Journal Neuroscience Section Abstract Doc Link 2891081 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.75

Delta(2)-opioid receptor mediation of morphine-induced CCK release in the frontal cortex of the freely moving rat.

Positive_regulation (induced) of Localization (release) of opioid receptor in frontal cortex associated with urological neuroanatomy, opioid receptor and morphine

7) Confidence 0.27 Published 1999 Journal Synapse Section Title Doc Link 10459171 Disease Relevance 0.18 Pain Relevance 0.96

Ventral tegmental self-stimulation selectively induces opioid peptide release in rat CNS.

Positive_regulation (induces) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in Ventral associated with opioid

8) Confidence 0.08 Published 1993 Journal Synapse Section Title Doc Link 8427014 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.45

Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ is required for opioid peptide release [17].

Positive_regulation (required) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide associated with opioid

9) Confidence 0.04 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.06 Pain Relevance 0.90

Opioid peptide release requires a stimulus such as cold water swim [43] or intraplantar injection of corticotrophin releasing hormone, cytokines (e.g. interleukin-1) [44] or chemokines (CXCL2/3) [17],[18].

Positive_regulation (requires) of Localization (release) of Opioid peptide associated with chemokine, opioid and cytokine

10) Confidence 0.04 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 1.08 Pain Relevance 1.11

Mycobacteria or bacterial products may trigger opioid peptide release in arthritic joints or at the site of surgery with accompanying infection.

Spec (may) Positive_regulation (trigger) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in joints associated with opioid, infection and arthritis

11) Confidence 0.04 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.90 Pain Relevance 1.42

In line with the lack of opioid peptide release after TLR-2 or TLR-4 stimulation, the Mycobacterium butyricum-induced release of Met-enkephalin could not be blocked by single or combined TLR-2/4 blockade (Fig. 6A, 7B).

Positive_regulation (after) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide associated with enkephalin and opioid

12) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.36 Pain Relevance 0.60

In line with the lack of opioid peptide release after TLR-2 or TLR-4 stimulation, the Mycobacterium butyricum-induced release of Met-enkephalin could not be blocked by single or combined TLR-2/4 blockade (Fig. 6A, 7B).

Positive_regulation (stimulation) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide associated with enkephalin and opioid

13) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.36 Pain Relevance 0.60

We further examined the role of TLR and FPR in mycobacterial stimulation of opioid peptide release.

Spec (examined) Positive_regulation (stimulation) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide associated with opioid

14) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.72

We found that Mycobacterium butyricum induced opioid peptide release from neutrophils through FPR but not TLR stimulation.

Neg (not) Positive_regulation (induced) of Neg (not) Localization (release) of opioid peptide in neutrophils associated with opioid

15) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.56 Pain Relevance 0.95

In this study we examined whether heat inactivated Mycobacterium butyricum triggers opioid peptide release from rat and human neutrophils and monocytes and whether this requires FPR and/or TLR activation.

Spec (whether) Positive_regulation (requires) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in monocytes associated with opioid

16) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.31 Pain Relevance 0.72

We hypothesized that Mycobacterium butyricum might directly trigger opioid peptide release.

Spec (might) Positive_regulation (trigger) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide associated with opioid

17) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.41 Pain Relevance 1.19

Mycobacteria can trigger opioid peptide release from neutrophils but not from monocytes

Neg (not) Positive_regulation (trigger) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in monocytes associated with opioid

18) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.50 Pain Relevance 1.23

In vitro, heat inactivated Mycobacterium butyricum triggers opioid peptide release from neutrophils, but not from monocytes.

Positive_regulation (triggers) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in neutrophils associated with opioid

19) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 1.28 Pain Relevance 1.17

Alternatively, other releasing agents such as chemokines (CXCR1/2 ligands) can trigger opioid peptide release from rat and human neutrophils [17],[18] and these are produced in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation [14] as well as in surgical wounds [69].

Positive_regulation (trigger) of Localization (release) of opioid peptide in neutrophils associated with chemokine, inflammation, injury and opioid

20) Confidence 0.03 Published 2009 Journal PLoS Pathogens Section Body Doc Link PMC2657213 Disease Relevance 0.82 Pain Relevance 1.39

General Comments

This test has worked.