INT34741

Context Info Confidence 0.67 First Reported 1984 Last Reported 2010 Negated 1 Speculated 1 Reported most in Body Documents 58 Total Number 59 Disease Relevance 35.06 Pain Relevance 7.80

extracellular space (GH1) extracellular region (GH1)

Anatomy Link Frequency plasma 12 upper 6 pituitary 4 gluteal muscle 2 muscle 2 GH1 (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Clonidine 22 99.98 rheumatoid arthritis 309 99.52 Somatostatin 507 99.48 tolerance 65 98.12 agonist 408 97.80 carpal tunnel syndrome 36 97.08 Paresthesia 8 95.32 opiate 10 94.36 Osteoarthritis 17 94.28 headache 95 93.88

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Acromegaly 1104 100.00 Disease 701 99.84 Chronic Disease 10 99.64 Cancer 898 99.56 Death 21 99.56 Rheumatoid Arthritis 309 99.52 Laron Syndrome 16 99.40 Growth Problems 409 99.38 Endocrine Disease 1 99.08 Weight Gain 25 98.92

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Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

Clonidine induced a greater total serum growth-hormone production in PD than in SND (p = 0.01).

Positive_regulation (induced) of Gene_expression (production) of growth-hormone associated with disease and clonidine

1) Confidence 0.67 Published 2002 Journal J. Neurol. Section Abstract Doc Link 12242540 Disease Relevance 1.22 Pain Relevance 0.35

While these data do not exclude the possibility of a short loop feedback control of GH secretion, they strongly suggest that the direction of the GH response to a provocative stimulus is determined by the antecedent GH level and that an alpha-adrenoreceptor mechanism is involved in such a biphasic modulation of GH levels.

Positive_regulation (antecedent) of Gene_expression (level) of GH

2) Confidence 0.49 Published 1985 Journal Metab. Clin. Exp. Section Abstract Doc Link 3982277 Disease Relevance 0.06 Pain Relevance 0.71

While these data do not exclude the possibility of a short loop feedback control of GH secretion, they strongly suggest that the direction of the GH response to a provocative stimulus is determined by the antecedent GH level and that an alpha-adrenoreceptor mechanism is involved in such a biphasic modulation of GH levels.

Positive_regulation (determined) of Gene_expression (level) of GH

3) Confidence 0.49 Published 1985 Journal Metab. Clin. Exp. Section Abstract Doc Link 3982277 Disease Relevance 0.06 Pain Relevance 0.72

Plasma levels of ACTH, somatotropin, glucose and free glycerol were markedly elevated in all patients (n = 20) intra- and postoperatively, whereas cortisol and prolactin remained unchanged.

Positive_regulation (elevated) of Gene_expression (levels) of somatotropin in Plasma

4) Confidence 0.45 Published 1985 Journal Anaesthesist Section Abstract Doc Link 4083464 Disease Relevance 0.37 Pain Relevance 0.60

Immunohistochemical analysis indicated positive reactivity for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone (GH), and in situ hybridization indicated the expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and GH mRNA.

Positive_regulation (indicated) of Gene_expression (expression) of GH

5) Confidence 0.43 Published 2001 Journal Acta Neuropathol. Section Abstract Doc Link 11699555 Disease Relevance 0.40 Pain Relevance 0.18

Previous investigations of patients with chronic renal failure have also observed reduced concentration of GHBP,24,38 which may indicate decreased expression of the GH receptor in target tissues, and hence diminished responsiveness to GH in renal failure.

Positive_regulation (indicate) of Gene_expression (expression) of GH associated with chronic renal failure and renal failure

6) Confidence 0.41 Published 2007 Journal Clinical Endocrinology Section Body Doc Link PMC2366021 Disease Relevance 0.51 Pain Relevance 0

However, this seems not to be the case as GH appeared to be well tolerated generally and no differences in the safety profiles between the two groups were observed.

Positive_regulation (tolerated) of Gene_expression (appeared) of GH

7) Confidence 0.41 Published 2007 Journal Clinical Endocrinology Section Body Doc Link PMC2366021 Disease Relevance 0.72 Pain Relevance 0.09

As a first step to standardizing GH measurement", they "recommend the reporting of GH concentrations in ?

Positive_regulation (standardizing) of Gene_expression (measurement) of GH

8) Confidence 0.40 Published 2008 Journal Orphanet J Rare Dis Section Body Doc Link PMC2459162 Disease Relevance 0.13 Pain Relevance 0

If the GH is above 0.4 ?

Positive_regulation (above) of Gene_expression (is) of GH

9) Confidence 0.40 Published 2008 Journal Orphanet J Rare Dis Section Body Doc Link PMC2459162 Disease Relevance 0.57 Pain Relevance 0.04

However, high GH concentrations can also be found in healthy subjects, owing to the episodic nature of GH secretion, that can fluctuate between undetectable levels (most of the time) and peaks of up to 30 ?

Positive_regulation (concentrations) of Gene_expression (high) of GH

10) Confidence 0.40 Published 2008 Journal Orphanet J Rare Dis Section Body Doc Link PMC2459162 Disease Relevance 0.30 Pain Relevance 0.03

If GH and IGF-1 levels were still elevated in patients receiving lanreotide 120 mg every three weeks, the dose was increased to 180 mg, or 90 mg in each gluteal muscle, every three weeks.

Positive_regulation (elevated) of Gene_expression (levels) of GH in gluteal muscle

11) Confidence 0.39 Published 2010 Journal J Med Case Reports Section Body Doc Link PMC2845144 Disease Relevance 0.44 Pain Relevance 0.10

At a preprogrammed time in a child's life there is an increase in the amplitude of GnRH pulses which triggers a cascade of events including increases in the amplitude of FSH and LH pulses, followed by marked increases in gonadal sex steroidal output, which in turn increases growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production.

Positive_regulation (increases) of Gene_expression (production) of GH in gonadal

12) Confidence 0.39 Published 1996 Journal Horm. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 8742123 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.09

Both androgenic and estrogenic hormones markedly increase GH production rates as measured by deconvolution models in the prepubertal human, and compelling data strongly suggest that it is indeed the estrogen which controls the feedback amplification of GH production during puberty even in the male.

Positive_regulation (increase) of Gene_expression (production) of GH

13) Confidence 0.39 Published 1996 Journal Horm. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 8742123 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.09

The disease is related to the excessive production of growth hormone (GH).

Positive_regulation (excessive) of Gene_expression (production) of GH associated with disease

14) Confidence 0.37 Published 2008 Journal Orphanet J Rare Dis Section Body Doc Link PMC2459162 Disease Relevance 1.29 Pain Relevance 0

Acromegaly Acromegaly is an acquired disorder related to excessive production of growth hormone (GH) and characterized by progressive somatic disfigurement (mainly involving the face and extremities) and systemic manifestations.

Positive_regulation (excessive) of Gene_expression (production) of GH in face associated with acromegaly

15) Confidence 0.37 Published 2008 Journal Orphanet J Rare Dis Section Title Doc Link PMC2459162 Disease Relevance 0.65 Pain Relevance 0

1.2 SD over the course of 7 years.26 Factors that tend to predict a positive response to GH treatment include GH dose, degree of height deficit compared to parents’ heights, young age, and first year height velocity.1,34 Safety of GH treatment in ISS

Positive_regulation (response) of Gene_expression (treatment) of GH associated with growth problems

16) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal Biologics : Targets & Therapy Section Body Doc Link PMC2898102 Disease Relevance 0.56 Pain Relevance 0

Many who treat children with ISS believe that by increasing adult height they are improving quality of life.50 However, there is little objective data to support this notion.51 In fact, the idea that short stature is a problem that can be addressed by GH treatment has been recently challenged in the popular press.52 Recent reviews of available instruments for evaluating quality of life in children with GHD or ISS suggest that it should be possible to do the studies that could help answer whether treatment with GH has a positive or negative effect on quality of life.53,54 The question of efficacy of GH treatment is particularly relevant because of the expense of GH therapy: perhaps as much as US$52,634 per inch.55 In spite of the difficulty of demonstrating that an increase in height also results in increased quality of life, children with ISS have been treated with GH since at least the inception of the NCGS in 1985, accounting for approximately 20% of those patients treated with GH.56 Savage57 has suggested that 1) if growth hormone therapy is restricted to a height threshold of ?

Positive_regulation (expense) of Gene_expression (therapy) of GH associated with growth hormone deficiency and growth problems

17) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal Biologics : Targets & Therapy Section Body Doc Link PMC2898102 Disease Relevance 0.72 Pain Relevance 0

Kamp et al demonstrated that the addition of GnRHa to GH therapy in children with ISS or intrauterine growth restriction resulted in an increase in predicted adult height of 8.0 cm in girls and 10.4 cm in boys.88 A prospective study comparing treatment of normal short girls with GH alone or with GH plus GnRHa suggested that while GH alone resulted in an increase in predicted adult height, the addition of GnRHa combined with GH resulted in an even greater increase in predicted adult height.89 The evaluation of two large GH registry databases,90 GH prediction models,90 and a recent report of lack of efficancy in increasing adult height when treatment is initiated after the age of 7–8 years91 do not support the success of this treatment.

Positive_regulation (increase) of Gene_expression (resulted) of GH associated with growth problems

18) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal Biologics : Targets & Therapy Section Body Doc Link PMC2898102 Disease Relevance 0.60 Pain Relevance 0.16

An evaluation of data from children with ISS treated with GH, taken from a large GH database, showed that GH treatment resulted in an increase in height from ?

Positive_regulation (large) of Gene_expression (database) of GH associated with growth problems

19) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal Biologics : Targets & Therapy Section Body Doc Link PMC2898102 Disease Relevance 0.45 Pain Relevance 0

If the lowest GH value (nadir) during OGGT is below 1 ?

Positive_regulation (during) of Gene_expression (is) of GH

20) Confidence 0.35 Published 2008 Journal Orphanet J Rare Dis Section Body Doc Link PMC2459162 Disease Relevance 0.61 Pain Relevance 0.05

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