INT52692

Context Info Confidence 0.78 First Reported 1995 Last Reported 2011 Negated 2 Speculated 2 Reported most in Abstract Documents 160 Total Number 162 Disease Relevance 85.06 Pain Relevance 55.73

lipid binding (Ptgs2) nuclear envelope (Ptgs2) oxidoreductase activity (Ptgs2) endoplasmic reticulum (Ptgs2) nucleus (Ptgs2) enzyme binding (Ptgs2)

Anatomy Link Frequency spinal cord 11 microglia 8 dorsal root ganglia 7 spinal 6 neuronal 6 Ptgs2 (Rattus norvegicus)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Inflammation 521 100.00 cytokine 201 100.00 COX2 123 100.00 qutenza 78 100.00 Hyperalgesia 67 100.00 aspirin 58 100.00 Inflammatory response 31 100.00 cOX1 25 100.00 Inflammatory mediators 13 100.00 Hyperesthesia 8 100.00

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat INFLAMMATION 623 100.00 Cancer 404 100.00 Hyperalgesia 87 100.00 Nociception 48 100.00 Necrosis 38 100.00 Urological Neuroanatomy 29 100.00 Shock 8 100.00 Colon Cancer 32 99.96 Neuroblastoma 16 99.84 Cirrhosis 8 99.84

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Key:

Protein

Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

Botulinum toxin A (20 U) significantly decreased inflammatory cell accumulation, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the prostate, ventral horn and dorsal horn of the L6 spinal cord (93.5%, 89.4%, 90.5% and 77.5%, respectively).

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in horn

1) Confidence 0.78 Published 2008 Journal J. Urol. Section Body Doc Link 18554636 Disease Relevance 0.13 Pain Relevance 0

We investigated the effect of intraprostatic botulinum toxin A administration on pain reaction and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in a capsaicin induced prostatitis model in rats.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 associated with pain, qutenza and prostatitis

2) Confidence 0.78 Published 2008 Journal J. Urol. Section Abstract Doc Link 18554636 Disease Relevance 0.54 Pain Relevance 0.58

Intraprostatic botulinum toxin a injection inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression and suppresses prostatic pain on capsaicin induced prostatitis model in rat.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 associated with pain, qutenza and prostatitis

3) Confidence 0.78 Published 2008 Journal J. Urol. Section Title Doc Link 18554636 Disease Relevance 0.38 Pain Relevance 1.00

Botulinum toxin A pretreatment could inhibit capsaicin induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression from the peripheral organ to the L6 spinal cord and inhibit prostatic pain and inflammation.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in spinal cord

4) Confidence 0.78 Published 2008 Journal J. Urol. Section Body Doc Link 18554636 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

The prostate and L6 spinal cord were then removed for histology and cyclooxygenase-2 expression using Western blotting or immunostaining.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in spinal cord

5) Confidence 0.78 Published 2008 Journal J. Urol. Section Body Doc Link 18554636 Disease Relevance 0.17 Pain Relevance 0

CONCLUSIONS: Intraprostatic capsaicin injection activates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the prostate, and spinal sensory and motor neurons, and it induces prostatic pain.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in motor neurons

6) Confidence 0.78 Published 2008 Journal J. Urol. Section Body Doc Link 18554636 Disease Relevance 0.11 Pain Relevance 0

Botulinum toxin A 1 week before treatment dose dependently decreased inflammatory cell accumulation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostatic pain.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2

7) Confidence 0.78 Published 2008 Journal J. Urol. Section Body Doc Link 18554636 Disease Relevance 0.14 Pain Relevance 0

CONCLUSIONS: Down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression as well as a possible involvement of the chemical structure of celecoxib, a 1,5-dirarylpirazole with a sulphonamide moiety, may account for the delay in ulcer healing.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 associated with ulcers

8) Confidence 0.77 Published 2002 Journal Eur. J. Pharmacol. Section Abstract Doc Link 12020690 Disease Relevance 0.51 Pain Relevance 0.20

The highest cyclooxygenase-2 expression was found with piroxicam and the lowest expression was with celecoxib.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2

9) Confidence 0.77 Published 2002 Journal Eur. J. Pharmacol. Section Abstract Doc Link 12020690 Disease Relevance 0.49 Pain Relevance 0.33

In the present study, we examined the changes of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in several regions of the CNS associated with pain perception, and the role of spinal cyclooxygenase activity in the development of allodynia following nerve injury.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in spinal associated with pain, nervous system injury and allodynia

10) Confidence 0.76 Published 2000 Journal Neuroscience Section Abstract Doc Link 10842019 Disease Relevance 0.72 Pain Relevance 0.54

Inflammation in the latter group was confirmed histologically and by a threefold increase in tissue levels of the granulocyte marker myeloperoxidase and was also associated with overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the stomach.

Gene_expression (overexpression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in stomach associated with inflammation

11) Confidence 0.75 Published 2000 Journal Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. Section Abstract Doc Link 11093953 Disease Relevance 0.62 Pain Relevance 0.15

By Northern analysis, only PGHS-2 is expressed by the immortalized rat osteoblastic cell line, Py1a, while only PGHS-1 is expressed by the rat osteosarcoma cell line, ROS 17/2.8.

Gene_expression (expressed) of PGHS-2 associated with osteoporosis and osteogenic sarcomas

12) Confidence 0.75 Published 1997 Journal J. Bone Miner. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 9258749 Disease Relevance 0.36 Pain Relevance 0.53

Colonic cyclooxygenase-2 and interkeukin-1beta mRNA and spinal c-FOS mRNA expression were significantly down-regulated by ATB-429, but not by mesalamine.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in spinal

13) Confidence 0.75 Published 2006 Journal J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. Section Abstract Doc Link 16855178 Disease Relevance 0.72 Pain Relevance 0.57

In conclusion, while the strong up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by exogenous PGE2 appears to be mediated by EP2 receptors and cAMP, the limited down-regulation caused by anti-inflammatory drug treatments may be either due to arachidonic acid metabolites other than PGE2, or to PGE2 itself, acting through a distinct cAMP-independent signalling pathway.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in PGE2 associated with inflammation

14) Confidence 0.74 Published 1997 Journal Eur. J. Neurosci. Section Abstract Doc Link 9182946 Disease Relevance 0.26 Pain Relevance 0.25

Exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which elevates the cAMP level in microglial cells, also increased the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and production of thromboxane in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in microglial cells

15) Confidence 0.74 Published 1997 Journal Eur. J. Neurosci. Section Abstract Doc Link 9182946 Disease Relevance 0.28 Pain Relevance 0.21

Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cultured microglia by prostaglandin E2, cyclic AMP and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in microglia associated with inflammation, cinod and cox2

16) Confidence 0.74 Published 1997 Journal Eur. J. Neurosci. Section Title Doc Link 9182946 Disease Relevance 0.26 Pain Relevance 0.19

The observations that the lipopolysaccharide-induced prostanoid production was specifically increased by 11-deoxy-16,16-dm PGE2, a selective agonist at the PGE2 receptor EP2 coupled to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, and that the enhancing effect of PGE2 was partially prevented by specific inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A, suggest that the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by PGE2 is mediated by cAMP, through a putative microglial EP2 receptor.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in PGE2 associated with agonist

17) Confidence 0.74 Published 1997 Journal Eur. J. Neurosci. Section Abstract Doc Link 9182946 Disease Relevance 0.34 Pain Relevance 0.27

Cyclooxygenase-2, the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, is highly expressed in microglial cells activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and is a major regulatory factor in the synthesis of prostanoids, such as prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxanes.

Gene_expression (expressed) of Cyclooxygenase-2 in microglial cells

18) Confidence 0.74 Published 1997 Journal Eur. J. Neurosci. Section Abstract Doc Link 9182946 Disease Relevance 0.24 Pain Relevance 0.12

Unexpectedly, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and 6-methoxy naphthalene acetic acidic, which inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymatic activity and abrogate prostanoid synthesis, caused a moderate but consistent up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 associated with inflammation and cinod

19) Confidence 0.74 Published 1997 Journal Eur. J. Neurosci. Section Abstract Doc Link 9182946 Disease Relevance 0.26 Pain Relevance 0.25

The present study shows that expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostanoid production in cultured rat microglia activated by lipopolysaccharide is up-regulated by cyclic AMP (cAMP), as indicated by experiments performed in the presence of adenylyl cyclase activators, cAMP analogues and protein kinase A-specific inhibitors.

Gene_expression (expression) of cyclooxygenase-2 in microglia

20) Confidence 0.74 Published 1997 Journal Eur. J. Neurosci. Section Abstract Doc Link 9182946 Disease Relevance 0.26 Pain Relevance 0.12

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