INT7581

Context Info Confidence 0.46 First Reported 1992 Last Reported 2010 Negated 0 Speculated 0 Reported most in Body Documents 132 Total Number 134 Disease Relevance 135.10 Pain Relevance 19.73

Anatomy Link Frequency brain 2 lobes 2 impression 1 finger 1 striatum 1 ADHD1 (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat spinal inflammation 1 99.92 midbrain 44 99.90 Dopamine 3379 99.88 headache 181 99.88 cocaine 809 99.76 Clonidine 223 99.26 drug abuse 697 99.08 alcohol 858 99.04 Gabapentin 1 98.32 GABAergic 52 98.30

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 21601 100.00 Drug Dependence 1755 100.00 Syndrome 977 100.00 Tourette's Syndrome 483 100.00 Epilepsy 208 100.00 Restless Legs Syndrome 125 100.00 Genetic Predisposition To Disease 17 100.00 Urolithiasis 1 100.00 Hepatocellular Cancer 1 100.00 Low Back Pain 1 99.92

Sentences Mentioned In

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Three subtypes of ADHD are recognized: ADHD predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I), ADHD predominantly hyperactive–impulsive type (ADHD-H) and ADHD combined type (ADHD-C; both inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms), with the ADHD-I subtype being the most common diagnosis in adults.1,5

ADHD Binding (recognized) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

1) Confidence 0.46 Published 2009 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2697545 Disease Relevance 1.69 Pain Relevance 0

(Still, 1902, p. 1009).Although most of these symptoms are not directly associated with the current concept of ADHD, the keynote identified by Still fits an important finding of modern ADHD research.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2) Confidence 0.46 Published 2010 Journal Atten Defic Hyperact Disord Section Body Doc Link PMC3000907 Disease Relevance 0.55 Pain Relevance 0

In addition to the symptomatic burden on the child and consequences for families and schools, ADHD is associated with huge financial costs.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

3) Confidence 0.41 Published 2010 Journal BMC Pediatr Section Body Doc Link PMC3022790 Disease Relevance 0.87 Pain Relevance 0

Stimulant treatment not only improves the symptoms and impairing behaviours associated with ADHD, but also improves related problems such as low self-esteem, anger outbursts, mood swings, cognitive problems and social and family function.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with cognitive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

4) Confidence 0.41 Published 2010 Journal BMC Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2942810 Disease Relevance 0.96 Pain Relevance 0.08

In this light, it is imperative to acknowledge that childhood-onset and persistent ADHD was found to be associated with an early onset of alcohol use disorders, which, in turn, was associated with the developmental pathway to SUD.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with drug dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and alcohol

5) Confidence 0.40 Published 2009 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2697545 Disease Relevance 1.14 Pain Relevance 0.13

The preferential therapeutic response, which is likely based on genetic determinates, further underlines the importance of the most recent attempts to identify the phenotypes and endophenotypes associated with ADHD.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

6) Confidence 0.40 Published 2009 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2697545 Disease Relevance 0.67 Pain Relevance 0

All symptoms observed by Crichton can be associated with ADHD.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

7) Confidence 0.40 Published 2010 Journal Atten Defic Hyperact Disord Section Body Doc Link PMC3000907 Disease Relevance 0.87 Pain Relevance 0.07

These features are nowadays associated with ADHD.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

8) Confidence 0.40 Published 2010 Journal Atten Defic Hyperact Disord Section Body Doc Link PMC3000907 Disease Relevance 0.20 Pain Relevance 0.04

In ADHD subjects, both genetic predisposition and social/environmental factors interact to determine persistence of conduct symptoms and antisocial behaviours [27, 101, 129], which are then important influences on substance abuse and misuse.

ADHD Binding (interact) of associated with drug abuse, genetic predisposition to disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

9) Confidence 0.40 Published 2010 Journal Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC3012210 Disease Relevance 0.88 Pain Relevance 0.05

Given the limited number of studies and the contradictory findings, guidelines for the management of sleep disturbances associated with ADHD cannot be properly evidence based.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

10) Confidence 0.40 Published 2010 Journal Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC3012210 Disease Relevance 0.44 Pain Relevance 0

As is the case for several of the other adverse events, an important initial point to make is that sleep disturbance may be associated both with ADHD medication, and the condition of ADHD itself.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

11) Confidence 0.40 Published 2010 Journal Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC3012210 Disease Relevance 0.53 Pain Relevance 0

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that clonidine may be an effective agent for sleep disturbances associated with ADHD, or its treatment, and warrant further controlled investigations.

ADHD Binding (associated) of

12) Confidence 0.39 Published 1996 Journal J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link 8935206 Disease Relevance 0.05 Pain Relevance 0

This report evaluates the use of clonidine in the treatment of sleep disturbances associated with ADHD.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and clonidine

13) Confidence 0.39 Published 1996 Journal J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Section Abstract Doc Link 8935206 Disease Relevance 0.36 Pain Relevance 0.17

To date, variations at a number of candidate genes have shown a significant association with ADHD.

ADHD Binding (association) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

14) Confidence 0.39 Published 2005 Journal Theor Biol Med Model Section Body Doc Link PMC1352384 Disease Relevance 0.34 Pain Relevance 0.48

Thus, it is not surprising that defects in the parietal lobes can be associated with ADHD combined with learning disorders.

ADHD Binding (associated) of in lobes associated with learning disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

15) Confidence 0.39 Published 2005 Journal Theor Biol Med Model Section Body Doc Link PMC1352384 Disease Relevance 1.34 Pain Relevance 0.30

Other forms of psycho-social or family therapy may help with impairments associated with ADHD, such as relationship problems and low self-esteem [309].

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

16) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal BMC Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2942810 Disease Relevance 0.99 Pain Relevance 0

Due to a lifetime history of the impairment, adults with ADHD have typically not learnt practical organisational skills [306,307] and may have developed poor coping skills and inappropriate behaviours in response to the impairments associated with ADHD.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

17) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal BMC Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2942810 Disease Relevance 0.70 Pain Relevance 0.06

CBT has a strong evidence base for the treatment of some of the comorbidities associated with ADHD yet there are few controlled trials in adults with ADHD.

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

18) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal BMC Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2942810 Disease Relevance 1.21 Pain Relevance 0.03

ADHD has also been associated with earlier onset of substance abuse [153].

ADHD Binding (associated) of associated with drug abuse and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

19) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal BMC Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2942810 Disease Relevance 1.43 Pain Relevance 0.05

Environmental factors are also associated with ADHD [73], particularly prenatal risk factors such as exposure to alcohol, nicotine, drugs, high blood pressure and maternal stress during pregnancy, as well as preterm birth and low birth weight [74-76].

ADHD Binding (associated) of in blood associated with stress, birth weight, premature birth, nicotine, hypertension, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and alcohol

20) Confidence 0.36 Published 2010 Journal BMC Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2942810 Disease Relevance 0.95 Pain Relevance 0.18

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