INT916

Context Info Confidence 0.62 First Reported 1979 Last Reported 2010 Negated 12 Speculated 7 Reported most in Body Documents 92 Total Number 101 Disease Relevance 22.98 Pain Relevance 38.13

cell proliferation (PRL) cytosol (PRL) extracellular region (PRL)

Anatomy Link Frequency gonadal 10 pituitary 10 plasma 6 lactotroph 6 follicle 4 PRL (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Dopamine 1382 100.00 agonist 522 100.00 antagonist 430 100.00 antidepressant 346 100.00 narcan 200 100.00 opiate 144 100.00 Morphine 131 100.00 Opioid 92 100.00 Clonidine 49 100.00 ketamine 2 100.00

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Galactorrhea 2610 100.00 Congenital Anomalies 79 100.00 Eating Disorder 72 100.00 Prolactinoma 94 99.96 Obesity 21 99.84 Epilepsy 22 99.48 Diabetes Mellitus 28 99.28 Depression 201 99.24 Hypoglycemia 8 99.20 Stress 89 98.84

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In order to evaluate the interaction between the opiate-like peptidergic pathways and the dopaminergic system in modulating prolactin (PRL) secretion, ten normal volunteers were studied according to a double-blind, cross-over, randomized experimental design.

Regulation (modulating) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin associated with opiate

1) Confidence 0.62 Published 1985 Journal Eur. J. Clin. Invest. Section Abstract Doc Link 3935458 Disease Relevance 0.07 Pain Relevance 0.32

The Authors, for testing the opiate receptors role in human PRL secretion, performed the following experiment: they administered: 1) to 24 women during day 2 and 4 of the puerperium, divided into 3 groups of 8 subjects, respectively 5, 10, 20 mg naloxone. 2) to 16 women during day 3 and 4 of the puerperium, divided into 2 groups of 8 subjects, during mechanical breast stimulation with a breast pump (10 min for each breast), respectively 5, 10 mg naloxone. 3) to 12 women in physiological menopause, in basal condition and after administration of oestradiol 17-n-valerate 4 mg/die over ten days, 10 mg naloxone. 4) to 7 women in physiological menopause, in basal condition and after administration of ethinyl-oestradiol 50 micrograms/die over ten days, 5 mg morphine hydrochloride.

Regulation (role) of Localization (secretion) of PRL associated with endometriosis (extended), narcan, opiate and morphine

2) Confidence 0.62 Published 1983 Journal Acta Eur. Fertil. Section Abstract Doc Link 6326452 Disease Relevance 0.16 Pain Relevance 0.38

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether there is a correlation between gonadal steroids and opioid control of prolactin (PRL) secretion.

Spec (whether) Regulation (control) of Localization (secretion) of PRL in gonadal associated with opioid

3) Confidence 0.62 Published 1985 Journal Horm. Metab. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 4018722 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.41

These results suggest that gonadal steroid deficiency seems to cause a change in the opioid system and/or dopaminergic control of prolactin secretion.

Regulation (control) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin in gonadal associated with opioid

4) Confidence 0.62 Published 1985 Journal Horm. Metab. Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 4018722 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.41

Fluoxetine hydrochloride, a specific inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, was given orally to five adult males to study its effect on fasting and insulin-stimulated release of PRL.

Regulation (effect) of Localization (release) of PRL associated with serotonin and fluoxetine

5) Confidence 0.62 Published 1979 Journal J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Section Abstract Doc Link 313936 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.41

Opioids regulate prolactin secretion through unknown mechanisms, perhaps acting on the synchronization of pulsatile pattern of prolactin (Lafuente 1994) and may have a role in stress-induced hyperprolactinemic response (Van Vugt and Meites 1980; Benker et al 1990).

Regulation (regulate) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin associated with stress and opioid

6) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0.22 Pain Relevance 0.28

A recent study showed that lithium affects variably prolactin secretion, in relation to duration of the therapy: a treatment of less than six months was found to increase prolactin levels as compared to controls, while bipolar patients on long term treatments (<six months) showed a decrease in prolactin levels (Basturk et al 2001).

Regulation (affects) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin

7) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0.17 Pain Relevance 0.36

The effects of lithium on prolactin secretion are controversial.

Regulation (effects) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin

8) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0.19 Pain Relevance 0.48

Only a few data concerning the effect of antidepressant drugs on prolactin secretion are currently available.

Regulation (effect) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin associated with antidepressant

9) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0.55 Pain Relevance 0.37

A plenty of mediators, of central, pituitary and peripheral origin (Freeman et al 2000, Figure 1), take part in regulating prolactin secretion, through a direct or indirect effect on lactotroph cells.

Regulation (regulating) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin in lactotroph

10) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.15

This pathway, referred to as “tuberoinfundibular-GABA (TI-GABA) system”, has been shown to modulate prolactin secretion in humans, possibly through serotoninergic stimulation of GABA interneurons (that express the 5HT1A membrane receptor) resulting in inhibition of TIDA cells and prolactin secretion (Emiliano and Fudge 2004).

Spec (possibly) Regulation (modulate) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin in interneurons associated with gaba

11) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.55

Regulation of prolactin secretion

Regulation (Regulation) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin

12) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

The main physiologic control of prolactin secretion is exerted by the inhibiting action of dopamine.

Regulation (control) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin associated with dopamine

13) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.17

Estrogens modulate prolactin secretion in response to reproductive events through different mechanisms: amplification of mitotic activity of the lactotrophs, enhancement of prolactin gene transcription and translation through ER?

Regulation (modulate) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin in lactotrophs

14) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.43

In a study by Bonuccelli et al (1985), on normal and epileptic subjects, no appreciable change in prolactin spontaneous secretion or in prolactin secretory circadian rhythm was observed, though a small increase in early sleep values was reported.

Neg (no) Regulation (change) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin associated with epilepsy

15) Confidence 0.62 Published 2007 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2376090 Disease Relevance 0.53 Pain Relevance 0.38

Sleep has a stimulatory effect on prolactin secretion.

Regulation (effect) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin

16) Confidence 0.62 Published 1990 Journal J. Pineal Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 2352119 Disease Relevance 0.06 Pain Relevance 0

It can also not be ruled out that melatonin might act via the opioid system, which then could affect prolactin secretion.

Regulation (affect) of Localization (secretion) of prolactin associated with opioid

17) Confidence 0.62 Published 1990 Journal J. Pineal Res. Section Abstract Doc Link 2352119 Disease Relevance 0.15 Pain Relevance 0.15

These data indicate a probable role for PGE2 or other prostanoids as well in the regulation of human PRL release but not in gonadotrophin secretion.

Neg (not) Regulation (regulation) of Localization (release) of PRL

18) Confidence 0.62 Published 1992 Journal Eicosanoids Section Abstract Doc Link 1419076 Disease Relevance 0.07 Pain Relevance 0.23

These data allow us to conclude that D may affect PRL release in humans; however, further investigation is necessary before any physiological significance might be attributed to D in man.

Spec (may) Regulation (affect) of Localization (release) of PRL

19) Confidence 0.61 Published 1983 Journal J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Section Abstract Doc Link 6833466 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.42

However, the limited neuroendocrine data available does shed some light on the mechanism of action of these agents and raises some important questions, particularly about the regulation of PRL secretion and the interaction between various neurotransmitter systems.

Regulation (regulation) of Localization (secretion) of PRL associated with neurotransmitter

20) Confidence 0.61 Published 1982 Journal Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. Section Abstract Doc Link 6124090 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.21

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