INT2884

Context Info Confidence 0.69 First Reported 1977 Last Reported 2011 Negated 0 Speculated 1 Reported most in Body Documents 66 Total Number 66 Disease Relevance 25.25 Pain Relevance 30.60

signal transduction (CCK) extracellular space (CCK) extracellular region (CCK)

Anatomy Link Frequency plasma 28 T lymphocytes 2 ligament 1 visceral 1 pancreas 1 CCK (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Cholecystokinin 2208 100.00 antagonist 125 100.00 Bile 74 100.00 Neuropeptide 39 100.00 Somatostatin 7 100.00 agonist 18 99.92 Opioid 53 99.80 Chronic pancreatitis 36 99.48 nud 218 99.22 cytokine 41 99.20

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Syndrome 5 99.96 Critical Illness 1225 99.84 Aging 8 99.76 Pancreatitis 130 99.48 Diabetes Mellitus 50 99.44 Vomiting 32 99.44 Dyspepsia 218 99.22 INFLAMMATION 82 99.00 Pain 63 98.96 Steatorrhea 8 98.70

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Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

Whilst we have shown previously that plasma CCK and PYY levels are increased in critically ill patients [28-30] and that CCK and PYY are known to slow GE, the present study is the first to directly demonstrate a relationship between GE and plasma concentrations of CCK and PYY in critical illness.

Positive_regulation (increased) of CCK in plasma associated with critical illness and cholecystokinin

1) Confidence 0.69 Published 2007 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC2246231 Disease Relevance 0.27 Pain Relevance 0.54

However, the concept of heightened hormonal release from a similar nutrient load in critically ill patients, particularly those with impaired motility [28,29], is also illustrated in the present study by the finding that the overall increase in plasma CCK and PYY in patients with delayed GE was similar to those with normal GE.

Positive_regulation (increase) of CCK in plasma associated with critical illness and cholecystokinin

2) Confidence 0.69 Published 2007 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC2246231 Disease Relevance 0.28 Pain Relevance 0.16

The major observations are that, during critical illness, (a) GE was inversely related to both fasting and postprandial plasma CCK and PYY concentrations but (b) the postprandial increases in plasma CCK and PYY were also directly related to GE.

Positive_regulation (increases) of CCK in plasma associated with critical illness and cholecystokinin

3) Confidence 0.69 Published 2007 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC2246231 Disease Relevance 0.43 Pain Relevance 0.39

As observed in lean [1,2,4,7,11,12] and obese [47] healthy subjects, the present study demonstrates a weak but direct relationship between the rate of GE and postprandial increases in plasma CCK and PYY in critically ill patients.

Positive_regulation (increases) of CCK in plasma associated with critical illness, obesity and cholecystokinin

4) Confidence 0.69 Published 2007 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC2246231 Disease Relevance 0.38 Pain Relevance 0.24

ProCCK mRNA levels were increased 1.5-2.5 times by dbcAMP, noradrenaline and isoproterenol when compared with controls.

Positive_regulation (increased) of ProCCK associated with noradrenaline

5) Confidence 0.68 Published 1990 Journal J. Mol. Endocrinol. Section Abstract Doc Link 2157452 Disease Relevance 0.08 Pain Relevance 0.18

The presence of such a feedback mechanism in chronic pancreatitis patients with exocrine enzyme deficiency possibly leads to an increase in cholecystokinin plasma levels.

Positive_regulation (increase) of cholecystokinin in plasma associated with somatostatin, cholecystokinin and chronic pancreatitis

6) Confidence 0.68 Published 2000 Journal Hepatogastroenterology Section Abstract Doc Link 10919050 Disease Relevance 0.36 Pain Relevance 0.63

The variably low levels of enzyme activity observed during the administration of Vivonex HN suggest only minimal stimulation of cholecystokinin.

Positive_regulation (stimulation) of cholecystokinin associated with cholecystokinin

7) Confidence 0.66 Published 1980 Journal Surg Gynecol Obstet Section Abstract Doc Link 7404299 Disease Relevance 0.16 Pain Relevance 0.21

Intraduodenal infusion of long chain triglycerides induces satiation, fullness and nausea, reduces gastric tone, and increases plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide, neurotension, and pancreatic polypeptide.

Positive_regulation (increases) of CCK in plasma associated with vomiting, nud and cholecystokinin

8) Confidence 0.61 Published 2010 Journal Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility Section Body Doc Link PMC2912117 Disease Relevance 0.83 Pain Relevance 0.37

Intraduodenal infusion of long chain triglycerides induces satiation, fullness and nausea, reduces gastric tone, and increases plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide, neurotension, and pancreatic polypeptide.

Positive_regulation (increases) of cholecystokinin in plasma associated with vomiting, nud and cholecystokinin

9) Confidence 0.61 Published 2010 Journal Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility Section Body Doc Link PMC2912117 Disease Relevance 0.83 Pain Relevance 0.37

In feed-intolerant patients, there was a trend for a greater magnitude of elevation in both PYY (AUC (0–180 min): 2,743 ± 589 versus 1,526 ± 335 pmol/l.min; P = 0.09) and CCK (AUC (0–180 min): 258 ± 43 versus 148 ± 35 pmol/l.min; P = 0.07) concentrations compared with feed-tolerant patients.

Positive_regulation (elevation) of CCK associated with cholecystokinin

10) Confidence 0.58 Published 2006 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC1794491 Disease Relevance 0.22 Pain Relevance 0.44

In both groups, there was an increase in the absolute plasma CCK concentration after 20 minutes of duodenal nutrient infusion.

Positive_regulation (increase) of CCK in plasma associated with cholecystokinin

11) Confidence 0.58 Published 2006 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC1794491 Disease Relevance 0.25 Pain Relevance 0.21

This is followed by a review of work providing evidence in animal models (and suggestive evidence in humans) for the importance of CCK and opioid neuropeptides in affecting infant emotion regulation and the impact of touch-based interventions, in particular in the context of infant-mother attraction, contact, separation, and attachment.

Positive_regulation (importance) of CCK associated with neuropeptide, opioid and cholecystokinin

12) Confidence 0.50 Published 2003 Journal Peptides Section Abstract Doc Link 12895666 Disease Relevance 0.07 Pain Relevance 0.46

The patients with steatorrhea had a significantly (P less than 0.001) lower integrated plasma CCK response to the meal (177 +/- 23 pM.150 min) than the healthy subjects (468 +/- 41 pM.150 min), while patients with chronic pancreatitis without steatorrhea had an intermediate integrated postprandial CCK secretion (327 +/- 101 pM.150 min).

Positive_regulation (response) of CCK in plasma associated with steatorrhea, chronic pancreatitis and cholecystokinin

13) Confidence 0.50 Published 1989 Journal Regul. Pept. Section Abstract Doc Link 2772268 Disease Relevance 0.96 Pain Relevance 0.51

Plasma concentrations of the satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) increase with ageing.

Positive_regulation (increase) of CCK in Plasma associated with aging and cholecystokinin

14) Confidence 0.50 Published 2002 Journal Biogerontology Section Abstract Doc Link 12014845 Disease Relevance 1.15 Pain Relevance 0.63

CCK antagonists have been shown to increase GE and energy intake in humans [17-19].

Positive_regulation (increase) of CCK associated with antagonist and cholecystokinin

15) Confidence 0.50 Published 2007 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC2246231 Disease Relevance 0.28 Pain Relevance 0.41

Although the majority of our patients received acid suppression therapy and therefore may have had increased serum gastrin levels, the cross-reactivity between gastrin and CCK is less than 2% [46] and is unlikely to contribute to the elevated CCK concentrations.

Positive_regulation (elevated) of CCK associated with cholecystokinin

16) Confidence 0.50 Published 2007 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC2246231 Disease Relevance 0.42 Pain Relevance 0.24

In the fasted state, there is an increase in plasma concentrations of hormones that slow GE, such as CCK and PYY, and a decrease in hormones that may accelerate GE, such as ghrelin [28-30].

Positive_regulation (increase) of CCK in plasma associated with cholecystokinin

17) Confidence 0.50 Published 2007 Journal Crit Care Section Body Doc Link PMC2246231 Disease Relevance 0.67 Pain Relevance 0.34

Levels of proCCK and proenkephalin A mRNA were determined by Northern blot analysis with proCCK- and proenkephalin A-specific cRNA hybridization probes 9 h after drug treatments.

Positive_regulation (Levels) of proCCK

18) Confidence 0.49 Published 1990 Journal J. Mol. Endocrinol. Section Abstract Doc Link 2157452 Disease Relevance 0.09 Pain Relevance 0.17

Fourteen patients with a cystic duct syndrome (CDS) underwent cholecystokinin (CCK) cholescintigraphy.

Positive_regulation (underwent) of CCK in cystic duct associated with syndrome and cholecystokinin

19) Confidence 0.49 Published 1985 Journal J. Nucl. Med. Section Abstract Doc Link 4045555 Disease Relevance 0.46 Pain Relevance 0.40

Integrated response of plasma CCK was significantly lower in patients with chronic pancreatitis and DM than in the two other groups.

Positive_regulation (response) of CCK in plasma associated with diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis and cholecystokinin

20) Confidence 0.49 Published 1989 Journal Am. J. Clin. Nutr. Section Abstract Doc Link 2916444 Disease Relevance 0.81 Pain Relevance 0.61

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