INT4810

Context Info Confidence 0.81 First Reported 1989 Last Reported 2010 Negated 0 Speculated 1 Reported most in Abstract Documents 20 Total Number 21 Disease Relevance 4.19 Pain Relevance 6.97

isomerase activity (PTGDS) transport (PTGDS) extracellular space (PTGDS) extracellular region (PTGDS) Golgi apparatus (PTGDS) nucleus (PTGDS)

Anatomy Link Frequency skin 3 mast cells 3 telomere 2 basophils 2 cartilage 1 PTGDS (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Codeine 18 99.84 Buprenorphine 16 99.28 Morphine 19 98.98 Opioid 23 98.78 Osteoarthritis 48 98.56 Endocannabinoid 1 97.44 dexamethasone 3 90.80 cINOD 41 89.88 agonist 17 89.84 Analgesic 7 89.08

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Osteoarthritis 49 98.56 Pathologic Processes 1 96.08 Disease 13 95.92 Increased Venous Pressure Under Development 20 91.20 INFLAMMATION 41 88.32 Anaphylaxis 3 86.60 Coronary Heart Disease 3 84.96 Migraine Disorders 42 84.88 Coronary Artery Disease 6 84.16 Skin Diseases 1 83.88

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Anatomy

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Histamine was released in 8/10 subjects (control: 7.06 +/- 4.19 nM/L, codeine phosphate: 18.2 +/- 15.7 nM/L, P < .018), PGD2 was released in 8/10 subjects (control: 0 codeine phosphate: 273.3 +/- 408.9 ng/L).

Localization (released) of PGD2 associated with codeine

1) Confidence 0.81 Published 1993 Journal Ann Allergy Section Abstract Doc Link 7687104 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.61

Disodium cromoglycate blocked the release of histamine and PGD2.

Localization (release) of PGD2

2) Confidence 0.70 Published 1993 Journal Ann Allergy Section Abstract Doc Link 7687104 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.60

In contrast, both compounds inhibit PGD2-mediated arrestin translocation via a G protein-independent mechanism.

Localization (translocation) of PGD2

3) Confidence 0.67 Published 2005 Journal Mol. Pharmacol. Section Abstract Doc Link 15870392 Disease Relevance 0.11 Pain Relevance 0.22

Next, we used immunohistohemistry to analyze the localization and the expression level of L-PGDS and H-PGDS proteins in healthy and OA cartilage.

Spec (analyze) Localization (localization) of L-PGDS in cartilage associated with osteoarthritis

4) Confidence 0.63 Published 2008 Journal Arthritis Res Ther Section Body Doc Link PMC2656251 Disease Relevance 0.48 Pain Relevance 0.24

Histamine and immunoreactive LTC4 and PGD2 release was monitored in all experiments.

Localization (release) of PGD2

5) Confidence 0.60 Published 1989 Journal Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. Section Abstract Doc Link 2478059 Disease Relevance 0.13 Pain Relevance 0.19

The effects of increasing concentrations of three opioids (morphine, buprenorphine, and fentanyl) were studied on the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized (prostaglandin D2 [PGD2] and peptide-leukotriene C4 [LTC4]) chemical mediators from human peripheral blood basophils and mast cells isolated from skin tissues or lung parenchyma.

Localization (release) of prostaglandin D2 in basophils associated with opioid, buprenorphine and morphine

6) Confidence 0.60 Published 1992 Journal Anesthesiology Section Abstract Doc Link 1280014 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.73

The effects of increasing concentrations of three opioids (morphine, buprenorphine, and fentanyl) were studied on the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized (prostaglandin D2 [PGD2] and peptide-leukotriene C4 [LTC4]) chemical mediators from human peripheral blood basophils and mast cells isolated from skin tissues or lung parenchyma.

Localization (release) of PGD2 in basophils associated with opioid, buprenorphine and morphine

7) Confidence 0.60 Published 1992 Journal Anesthesiology Section Abstract Doc Link 1280014 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.74

The recent development of in vitro techniques to study the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized mediators (PGD2, LTC4, and PAF) from purified basophils and mast cells has made it possible to quantify the mediator-releasing activity of anesthetics such as muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, opioids, and benzodiazepines and RCM on human basophils and mast cells isolated from lung, skin and heart tissues.

Localization (release) of PGD2 in skin associated with opioid

8) Confidence 0.59 Published 1996 Journal Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. Section Abstract Doc Link 8645973 Disease Relevance 0.16 Pain Relevance 0.09

When niacin is administered orally in amounts of 500 mg or topically via a 6-inch patch of 10-1 M aqueous methylnicotinate on the forearm, PGD2 is markedly released in the skin and its metabolite appears in high amounts in the plasma [22,23].

Localization (released) of PGD2 in skin

9) Confidence 0.58 Published 2005 Journal Nutr J Section Body Doc Link PMC548511 Disease Relevance 1.22 Pain Relevance 0.65

Maximal stimulation of HHMC with anti-IgE led to the release of LTC4 (17.5 +/- 5.1 ng/10(6) mast cells) and PGD2 (17.8 +/- 5.0 ng/10(6) mast cells, whereas HSMC synthesized more PGD2 (65.0 +/- 6.8 ng/10(6) mast cells) and much less LTC4 (< 5 ng/10(6) cells).

Localization (release) of PGD2 in HSMC

10) Confidence 0.54 Published 1995 Journal Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. Section Abstract Doc Link 7536502 Disease Relevance 0.27 Pain Relevance 0.19

Cross-linking of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) by a polyclonal anti-Fc epsilon antibody caused the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized mediators [peptide leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)].

Localization (release) of prostaglandin D2

11) Confidence 0.54 Published 1995 Journal Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. Section Abstract Doc Link 7536502 Disease Relevance 0.34 Pain Relevance 0.16

Cross-linking of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) by a polyclonal anti-Fc epsilon antibody caused the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized mediators [peptide leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)].

Localization (release) of PGD2

12) Confidence 0.54 Published 1995 Journal Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. Section Abstract Doc Link 7536502 Disease Relevance 0.34 Pain Relevance 0.16

Approximately 180 kb toward the telomere from LCN6, is the gene encoding the complement C8 gamma subunit (C8G), and the prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) gene [48] is located another 30 kb beyond C8G.

Localization (located) of PTGDS in telomere

13) Confidence 0.52 Published 2003 Journal Reprod Biol Endocrinol Section Body Doc Link PMC293424 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

Approximately 180 kb toward the telomere from LCN6, is the gene encoding the complement C8 gamma subunit (C8G), and the prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) gene [48] is located another 30 kb beyond C8G.

Localization (located) of prostaglandin D2 synthase in telomere

14) Confidence 0.52 Published 2003 Journal Reprod Biol Endocrinol Section Body Doc Link PMC293424 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0

, PGD2, prostacyclin (PGI2), and thromboxane(TX) A2 – that are immediately released outside the cell after intracellular biosynthesis and modulate a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic processes via the interaction with specific receptors expressed mostly on the surface of target cells (Narumiya et al 1999; Breyer et al 2001).

Localization (released) of PGD2 associated with pathologic processes

15) Confidence 0.36 Published 2008 Journal Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management Section Body Doc Link PMC2621416 Disease Relevance 0.42 Pain Relevance 0.42

Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on immunologically induced histamine, PGD2 and TNFalpha release from canine skin mast cells.

Localization (release) of PGD2 in mast cells

16) Confidence 0.28 Published 2010 Journal Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. Section Title Doc Link 19625089 Disease Relevance 0.39 Pain Relevance 0.22

Hence, collectively, both NO-donors and the vasodilatory prostanoids prostacyclin and PGD2 readily desensitize TP-mediated Rho activation and cytoskeletal signaling in 1° h.AoSMCs, findings entirely predicted from and in keeping with outcomes from other systems [6,8,35,36].

Localization (desensitize) of PGD2

17) Confidence 0.24 Published 2008 Journal Cellular Signalling Section Body Doc Link PMC2681257 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.09

The effects of increasing concentrations of three opioids (morphine, buprenorphine, and fentanyl) were studied on the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized (prostaglandin D2 [PGD2] and peptide-leukotriene C4 [LTC4]) chemical mediators from human peripheral blood basophils and mast cells isolated from skin tissues or lung parenchyma.

Localization (release) of prostaglandin D2 in mast cells associated with opioid, buprenorphine and morphine

18) Confidence 0.20 Published 1992 Journal Anesthesiology Section Abstract Doc Link 1280014 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.73

The effects of increasing concentrations of three opioids (morphine, buprenorphine, and fentanyl) were studied on the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized (prostaglandin D2 [PGD2] and peptide-leukotriene C4 [LTC4]) chemical mediators from human peripheral blood basophils and mast cells isolated from skin tissues or lung parenchyma.

Localization (release) of PGD2 in mast cells associated with opioid, buprenorphine and morphine

19) Confidence 0.20 Published 1992 Journal Anesthesiology Section Abstract Doc Link 1280014 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.74

The recent development of in vitro techniques to study the release of preformed (histamine and tryptase) and de novo synthesized mediators (PGD2, LTC4, and PAF) from purified basophils and mast cells has made it possible to quantify the mediator-releasing activity of anesthetics such as muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, opioids, and benzodiazepines and RCM on human basophils and mast cells isolated from lung, skin and heart tissues.

Localization (release) of PGD2 in lung associated with opioid

20) Confidence 0.20 Published 1996 Journal Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. Section Abstract Doc Link 8645973 Disease Relevance 0.16 Pain Relevance 0.09

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