INT54368

Context Info Confidence 0.59 First Reported 1994 Last Reported 2010 Negated 0 Speculated 1 Reported most in Body Documents 13 Total Number 14 Disease Relevance 3.81 Pain Relevance 8.13

cytosol (VTA1) endosome (VTA1) cytoplasm (VTA1)

Anatomy Link Frequency hypothalamus 2 NAc 1 medial 1 brain 1 insula 1 VTA1 (Homo sapiens)

Pain Link Frequency Relevance Heat Dopamine 160 100.00 Ventral tegmentum 86 100.00 Nucleus accumbens 74 100.00 Nicotine 32 99.80 cocaine 13 98.40 opioid receptor 7 97.84 GABAergic 4 97.84 insula 6 97.76 opiate 31 97.48 Locus ceruleus 361 96.72

Disease Link Frequency Relevance Heat Opiate Addiction 35 99.84 Unconsciousness 112 99.04 Depression 271 91.84 Myelodysplastic Syndromes 16 87.44 Congenital Anomalies 47 84.56 Alcohol Addiction 5 81.60 Neurosis 8 80.48 Sepsis 32 75.76 Coma 9 75.68 Syndrome 15 75.00

Sentences Mentioned In

Key:

Protein

Mutation

Event

Anatomy

Negation

Speculation

Pain term

Disease term

Etiological considerations for increased FA in the VTA/SN

Positive_regulation (increased) of VTA/SN

1) Confidence 0.59 Published 2010 Journal PLoS ONE Section Body Doc Link PMC2993928 Disease Relevance 0.80 Pain Relevance 0.04

There was significant increase in post-treatment levels of SBP, MAP, SVRI, VO2I, DO2I, and HVOS in both the groups [Table 4].

Positive_regulation (increase) of SBP

2) Confidence 0.45 Published 2010 Journal Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine Section Body Doc Link PMC2888327 Disease Relevance 0.08 Pain Relevance 0

However, with repeated heroin use, the brain responds to these successive large DA releases by increasing the number and strength of the brakes on the VTA DA neurons.

Positive_regulation (increasing) of VTA DA in brain associated with ventral tegmentum, dopamine and opiate addiction

3) Confidence 0.31 Published 2002 Journal Sci Pract Perspect Section Body Doc Link PMC2851054 Disease Relevance 0.46 Pain Relevance 1.25

Importantly, responses in the NAc and VTA were strongly correlated pointing to an association between dopamine release and NAc response to music.

Positive_regulation (responses) of VTA in NAc associated with ventral tegmentum, nucleus accumbens and dopamine

4) Confidence 0.23 Published 2010 Journal Med. Hypotheses Section Abstract Doc Link 19914781 Disease Relevance 0.22 Pain Relevance 0.59

Listing to pleasant music induced a strong response and significant activation of the VTA-mediated interaction of the NAc with the hypothalamus, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex.

Positive_regulation (activation) of VTA in insula associated with nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmentum and insula

5) Confidence 0.23 Published 2010 Journal Med. Hypotheses Section Abstract Doc Link 19914781 Disease Relevance 0.30 Pain Relevance 0.59

High voltage electrical stimulation of the NAc in both animals and humans has been found to elicit pleasurable and sexual responses [68,69] and ejaculation in human males has been found to correlate with activation of the VTA [64].

Positive_regulation (activation) of VTA associated with ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbens

6) Confidence 0.14 Published 2008 Journal Ann Gen Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2515304 Disease Relevance 0.65 Pain Relevance 0.39

Thus, it is possible that stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex with rTMS and subsequent activation of VTA via glutamatergic projection can possibly influence VTA dopaminergic neurons and cause dopaminergic changes in ACC/medial orbitofrontal area.

Positive_regulation (activation) of VTA in medial associated with ventral tegmentum and anterior cingulate cortex

7) Confidence 0.11 Published 2009 Journal PLoS ONE Section Body Doc Link PMC2725302 Disease Relevance 0.11 Pain Relevance 0.68

The VTA has also been found to be strongly activated during ejaculation in male humans [64] cocaine induced euphoria [65] and the heroin rush [66].

Positive_regulation (activated) of VTA associated with ventral tegmentum and cocaine

8) Confidence 0.09 Published 2008 Journal Ann Gen Psychiatry Section Body Doc Link PMC2515304 Disease Relevance 0.20 Pain Relevance 0.58

TH and alpha-synuclein mRNA levels were, in contrast, elevated in the VTA PN in heroin users with no change of the D2 receptor.

Positive_regulation (elevated) of VTA PN associated with ventral tegmentum and opiate addiction

9) Confidence 0.09 Published 2007 Journal J. Neurosci. Section Abstract Doc Link 18057194 Disease Relevance 0.41 Pain Relevance 0.78

Listing to pleasant music induced a strong response and significant activation of the VTA-mediated interaction of the NAc with the hypothalamus, insula, and orbitofrontal cortex.

Positive_regulation (activation) of VTA in hypothalamus associated with nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmentum and insula

10) Confidence 0.08 Published 2010 Journal Med. Hypotheses Section Abstract Doc Link 19914781 Disease Relevance 0.30 Pain Relevance 0.59

For example, stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine directly increase dopaminergic transmission in the NAc; opiates inhibit GABAergic interneurons in the VTA by disinhibiting VTA dopamine neurons projecting to the NAc; and nicotine seems to activate VTA dopamine neurons both directly and indirectly via stimulation of glutamatergic terminals innervating dopamine cells (Nestler 2005; Lüscher & Ungless 2006).

Positive_regulation (activate) of VTA in dopamine neurons associated with ventral tegmentum, nucleus accumbens, dopamine, nicotine, gabaergic, opiate and cocaine

11) Confidence 0.05 Published 2008 Journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Section Body Doc Link PMC2367444 Disease Relevance 0.29 Pain Relevance 0.82

In the case of the mesocoerulear pathway, the preferential blockade of inhibitory pre-synaptic receptors would increase the activity of the VTA neurones.

Positive_regulation (increase) of VTA

12) Confidence 0.04 Published 2008 Journal Current Neuropharmacology Section Body Doc Link PMC2687931 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.55

Taken together, these results suggest that all three opioid receptor subtypes of ventral tegmentum and not of lateral hypothalamus are involved in the electrically evoked self-stimulation of VTA-SN.

Positive_regulation (stimulation) of VTA-SN in hypothalamus associated with ventral tegmentum and opioid receptor

13) Confidence 0.02 Published 1994 Journal Physiol. Behav. Section Abstract Doc Link 7910690 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.58

To specify the cellular mechanisms through which AMPH acts in the VTA and leads to behavioral sensitization after repeated intra-VTA injections, the involvement of VTA DA D1 and D2 and serotonin2 receptors in this phenomenon was investigated in independent experiments.

Spec (investigated) Positive_regulation (involvement) of VTA DA D1 associated with ventral tegmentum and dopamine

14) Confidence 0.01 Published 1996 Journal J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. Section Abstract Doc Link 8627530 Disease Relevance 0 Pain Relevance 0.69

General Comments

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